Pass the id of the image to the function and it will return an array with the id’s of all the posts that use the given image.

/**
 * Find all posts that uses the given image
 *
 * @param  $image_id  Integer    ID of the image to work on
 * @return  Array  An array of all the post ID's that use the image
 * @credit  https://wordpress.org/plugins/find-posts-using-attachment/
 * @refer  https://millionclues.com/wordpress-tips/find-posts-containing-given-attachment/
 */
function ablmc1327_get_posts_using_attachment ( $image_id ) {
  
  $attachment_url = wp_get_attachment_url($image_id);
  
  $search_content_query = new WP_Query( array(
    's'              => $attachment_url,
    'post_type'      => 'any',
    'fields'         => 'ids',
    'no_found_rows'  => true,
    'posts_per_page' => -1,
  ));
  
  return $search_content_query->posts;
}